LALLOUZ INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE

Pressured to adopt Christianity, those venerating Goddess at Chartres simply began to call her by a different name, the Virgin Mary, recognizing her as one and the same. According to authors Anneli Rufus and Kristan Lawson, Catholic officials actually devised a term for images of Mary previous to Mary’s birth called prefigurations of the Virgin. Though not the intent of the Church, this certainly suggests another method by which assimilation of the Goddess and Mary occurred.

Called by many the greatest of the French Gothic cathedrals, Chartres’ powerful allure speaks to the faithful who have always been drawn here. Beloved scholar and mythologist Joseph Campbell is noted to have commented on the huge impact this sacred site rendered on his psyche. Besides its hallowed location, the vast collection of Goddess imagery within includes two Black Virgins, the tunic of the Virgin Mary, the aforementioned sacred well, the labyrinth upon the floor, sacred geometry, feminine architecture, and the famous rose stained glass windows.

Beginning below the structure and working up, the large underground crypt is part of the original pagan shrine that was on the site from earliest times. The largest crypt in France includes two galleries running side by side and Saint Lubin’s vault, dating to the ninth century. One finds the sacred well, named Saints-Forts, directly beneath the church nave, and where the original statue of the Mother Goddess giving birth, renamed Our Lady Underground, or Notre Dame de Sous-terre, was kept. It is believed the original statue was destroyed during the French Revolution and a replica replaces it in the crypt today. It was carved of dark brown wood in Romanesque style which classifies her as a Black Madonna. She is placed upon the altar of the Chapel of our Lady of the Crypt, another of her epithets. When traveling to Chartres Cathedral, tours are given of the crypt, but like in so many places sacred to the Divine Feminine, do not expect the traditional tour guides to focus much on pagan religious history, particularly that of Goddess, in any detail, if at all.

Despite the pressures from the patriarchy, and the infliction of the Inquisition, which decimated many of those in Europe who lived close to Goddess and her gifts, the Sacred Feminine endured in quiet confidence, even if she was sometimes shrouded. The new regime of Christianity, no matter how hard they tried, could not completely obliterate the people’s love and desire for the natural feminine principle that Goddess provided. She survived in the metaphoric underground, behind the veil of the Black Madonna, in the guise of the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalene, all of whom have sacred sites which dot the countryside in France.

Through the lens of sacred travel to such hallowed ground, this time to Chartres Cathedral, a one-hour train ride outside Paris, untold herstory becomes quite clear.

Chartres Cathedral, like many other such gothic structures that sprung up in the Middle Ages can be seen as dedicated to Goddess in the form of Our Lady the Virgin Mary, hence Notre Dame. As such we can clearly see how the baton was passed from both Isis and Artemis of the Ephesians, both predecessors of Mary and called Our Lady to the mother of Christ. Within these structures we see the reflection of the essence of the Divine Feminine incorporated within the sacred geometry of the architecture, carvings, and stained glass, all created by the sweat and determination of humankind who venerated her.

Features within these cathedrals, namely the almond-shaped lancet windows and arches, are often believed to represent female anatomy or genitalia. Roses, bees, and wheat, common in imagery on stained glass windows, also are symbolism rooted in Goddess worship. Interestingly, the Church itself was referred to in feminine terms, and her congregation oftentimes viewed as the Bride of Christ. One wonders, would the Jesus of Gnostic texts, he an advocate of the feminine and viewed by many as being within a lineage of consorts of Goddess, if he would recognize most of what has become the dogma associated with the Kingdom he preached about?

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by Rev. Karen Tate

Encapsulated within Chartres Cathedral are a plethora of features and concepts personifying the Feminine Divine like no other single structure. The very site on which this current cathedral stands, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, has for millennia been a sacred place of the Earth Mother. First called Carnute, Druids were believed to have worshiped here in the sacred grove, practicing their skills of divination and related esoteric powers at the holy well, in close communion with Mother Nature. It is said the local tribes worshiped the Goddess here and whose image was one that depicted her giving birth. Later, as was the case with so many sacred pagan sites, the area was chosen as the location for a grand Christian structure.

A Romanesque cathedral was first begun here in 1020, but was subsequently destroyed by fire in 1194. Of this structure, only the west front, the south tower, and crypt survived. Curiously, of all the sacred treasures stored within this wealthy church, the only piece to survive was the Veil of the Virgin. A Gothic cathedral soon rose upon the ashes of the previous church, completed in just 25 years, in 1250 CE.

‘The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres’, also known in French as ‘Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres’ is located approximately 80 kilometres from Paris. Its Gothic style architecture is considered one of the finest in all of France.

While labyrinths were a common element of medieval churches, this particular one is unique to herstory, having at the center a brass plaque depicting a rose with figures of Theseus, the Minotaur, and Ariadne -- all associated with Goddess and/or mythology of Minoan Crete. The word labyrinth, which means House of the Double Ax, comes directly from the word labrys, which is the sacred double-sided ax of the Minoans in Crete.

According to the traditional Church dogma, a labyrinth either represented a pilgrim’s journey to Jerusalem and back again, or the Way of the Cross.. It was used by Christians as a tool of penance with pilgrims expected to follow the path on their knees. It should be noted that labyrinths, which are similar in form to swastikas, have pre-Christian roots which may have symbolized an inner journey, or a return to rebirth. It is no surprise that this labyrinth in Chartres Cathedral shows Ariadne leading Theseus from the labyrinth, an act which Goddess advocates believe in itself is a metaphor for rebirth.

The famous labyrinth of the Chartres Cathedral

More imagery in which the Sacred Feminine lives within Chartres are the depictions of the Virgin in stained glass, including the rose windows associated with Mary Magdalene and the Grail myths. The lancet windows of Chartres are sometimes believed to be representative of the female vulva as the womb of birth and regeneration. The tunic and girdle, thought to be that of the Virgin Mary, have long been kept here as objects of veneration for thousands of medieval pilgrims. According to cultural historian Elinor Gadon, Mary was wearing the tunic when Gabriel told her she would bear God’s child, and the girdle was believed to have dropped to Earth from her body as she ascended to heaven at the Assumption.

While sculptures around the cathedral are replete with imagery related to Mary and Mary Magdalene, the final aspect of Chartres to be covered herein is the 11-circuit labyrinth inlaid on the floor of the church. It measures 42 feet (13 m) wide and is said to be the same dimension as the aforementioned rose window.

“BLACK MADONNA”

by Elyahou Lallouz

Moving inside the church one finds the other Black Virgin, Notre Dame de Pilier, referring to the 10-foot (3-m) pilier, or pillar, on which she stands -- though some say it is a reference to the pillar that once stood in the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. She is just one of the many Black Madonnas, or Black Virgins, which are found throughout Europe. Other important Black Madonnas are found throughout Europe, including in LePuy, France and Montserrat, Spain.

These black or brown-skinned images are important within Goddess Spirituality, because these figures of Madonna and child are believed to show continuity between the pagan Goddess with the Virgin Mary. And through Mary, the Goddess remained in the spiritual and public lives of the people. Just as with the aforementioned early tribes, and as we see repeated over and over from place to place, many contemporary Goddess advocates see little to no difference between Mary and Goddess. In fact, many even embrace Jesus as the son of the Goddess, adding another layer of assimilation between the iconography of the enthroned Egyptian Goddess Isis who holds her son, Horus, upon her lap, exactly as Mary holds Christ. To some, Jesus is easily assimilated in the figure of Horus, just as Jesus has been called the son of Sophia. It should be no surprise then, that some of these Black Virgins have been found to retain beneath their surface layer of paint, the name of Isis. Readers should also remember other similarities between Mary with the Goddesses, Cybele and Isis. Namely, they were all called Queen of Heaven and conceived their sons by other than natural means.

In 1974, Orson Welles completed his last major motion picture, ‘F for Fake’, titled in French as ‘Vérités et Mensonges’. The Chartres Cathedral was used as a visual backdrop, and was responsible for much of Welles’ inspiration.

They might be likened to the symbolic meaning of the kiva of the Native Americans, also a place of rebirth. Further, unlike a maze, one cannot get lost in a labyrinth, as there is only one way in and out. It might also symbolize one’s journey into the otherworld where one might commune with the Divine. It is a meditative tool, helping one to become centered. The symbol of the labyrinth is spiral-like, and as such is reminiscent of the spirals on the Neolithic sites of Newgrange and Malta, indicative of the concepts of death and rebirth. The in-and-out movement one experiences while walking a labyrinth have been adopted into spiral dances which practitioners of Goddess Spirituality often incorporate into rituals and celebrations. Interestingly, the labyrinth is said to have marked the gate of the Sybil of Cumae, an oracle similar to those of Delphi and Didyma. In pagan tradition, this was an entry to the underworld, but in Christian context, it became the door to Hell.

For over two decades, Karen Tate's work has been fueled by her intense interest and passion for travel, comparative religions, ancient cultures, and Goddess Spirituality. A prolific writer, published author, and tour organizer, Tate’s most recent work blends her experiences of women-centered multiculturalism evident in archaeology, anthropology and mythology with her unique literary talents and travel experience throughout the world to pen Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations. Her second book Walking an Ancient Path, a guide toward mainstreaming Goddess, will be available in bookstores in June 2008. To inquire about tours in France and Turkey, visit www.karentate.com

It might certainly be said that Chartres, for so long a repository of the many faces of the sacred feminine, is like the deep well of birth and rebirth that reflects the spirituality of Goddess herself.

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When Church officials are asked about the dark skin of these Madonnas, images seemingly considered a thorn in the side of the Church, they sometimes make the absurd reference to the statues being dark due to the soot from candle smoke, never admitting association with Goddess. No feasible explanation is given as to why only the skin is dark and not the clothing on the images. This author can attest to being at the Vatican and asking about Black Madonna imagery only to have the Church representative roll her eyes in disgust, and me away, as if the inquiries were certainly a nuisance.

Other aspects of Black Madonnas that seem to be common are similar elements of their history. Some of these statues just miraculously appeared to fishermen and farmers. Others say these dark skinned statues came back with soldiers who had been on the Crusades. Theories proliferate regarding the darkness of her skin, with some scholars citing the Black and Brown Madonnas as originating from Africa, or with the darker skinned Isis and Artemis.

Practitioners of Goddess Spirituality often identify her darkness as a metaphor for the identity of the Goddess being veiled behind the guise of Mary. Some cite her darkness as representative of the Gnosticism and alchemy she embodied, or the dark unfathomable depths of knowing which is Wisdom or Sophia. Scholar Margaret Starbird, when speaking of Chartres, notes it became a center of enlightenment, the seat of a cult of Maria-Sophia, a goddess of wisdom. The darkness of these Madonnas might even be synonymous with her chthonic powers of regeneration. Her darkness is also related to Mary Magdalene and the Grail lore which has taken hold in popular culture.

Whatever the specific source of her darkness, and there were no doubt many, there was a resurgence of interest and devotion in the Feminine which accounts for all the Madonnas and cathedrals established during the Medieval period. Humankind simply would not be denied their mother. Pilgrimages to these images of the Divine Feminine became all the rage, and cathedrals built in her name became the focus of master craftsmen such as the Templars and Freemasons who employed the aforementioned elements of sacred geometry within the architecture of these sacred structures.

Another of these architectural elements is the spire which has been associated with the sun and moon, which is seen by some to combine the masculine and feminine in balance. This cosmological connection was often positioned within sacred geometry, ascribing to a delicate balance and harmony, not to mention an order of heavenly bodies. Starbird believes the Knights of the Temple, or Knights Templar, were behind the design and construction of Chartres as they attempted to restore the feminine principle in Medieval society. She states the Templars, “had access to the exoteric wisdom of the classical world, perhaps preserved in Islamic sources that members of the order encountered in the Middle East. Their knowledge of mathematics and engineering gave birth to the Gothic style of architecture, which spread almost overnight, as if by prior plan, across the face of Europe during the period from 1130 to 1250.” She states the guild who built Chartres were named the Children of Solomon, a direct reference to the King of Jerusalem, thought to have written the Song of Solomon, a metaphor for the sacred marriage. Interestingly, she tells of medieval gypsies who believed the Notre Dame cathedrals of northern France were situated to form a mirror image of the constellation Virgo. It should be noted, that until the time of the Inquisition, the ancient arts and sciences of astrology, alchemy, mysticism, and psychology flourished within cathedral architecture and popular culture.